People
Moving Around
Migration
Definitions
•
Internal
Migration – When people move within a country
–
Rural
to Urban Migration – When people leave the countryside, and go to cities
•
Emigration
– When you leave a country to live somewhere else
•
Immigration
– When you arrive in a country from somewhere else.
International
Migration: Not a new thing
•
Not
a new phenomenon:
–
1846-1939:
59 million people (mostly) voluntarily emigrated from Europe
•
To
the United States (and Canada):
–
First
Wave, thru 1890 from Northern and Western Europe
–
Second
Wave, 1890-1920 from Southern and Eastern Europe
•
Italians, Spaniards, Germans and Austrians to
Brazil and Argentina. Brits and Germans
to Australia, Dutch and Brits to Southern Africa
•
Also,
Lebanese to Brazil & Latin America, French East Africa and U.S.
•
Chinese
to US; Japanese to US, Peru, and Brazil
•
Plus
the South Asian Diaspora (more in a few slides)
–
Of
course, millions were not voluntarily taken from Africa
What is
new since 1970’s?
•
New
trends: intensity and extent
–
Major
receivers grew from 39 to 67
•
Persian
Gulf and Eastern Asia new
–
Major
senders grew from 29 to 55
•
China
is the largest sender
•
Almost
all U.S. immigration from Latin America and Asia
•
Western
Europe, Canada now send relatively few
–
Europe
a major receiver – big conflicts in unitary nationalist states (ie France) that have to deal with diversity for the first
time
–
Canada
a highly sought after destination due to health care/tolerance/open economy
•
Countries
with young populations always have been high senders, now it is non-West, not
Europe
–
˝
of all international migrants are female
•
Pre
WWII most migrants male or families
–
Changing
thought about Migrants
•
They
are not individual rationale actors, but often migrate as part of household
strategy, where maintenance of the multi-generational family is important
Late 20th
Century
Factors for Migration
•
Growing
economic inequalities between countries
•
End
of the Cold War sends people out of former Soviet areas looking for opportunity
•
Political
instability (e.g. Balkans, Iraq, Horn of Africa)
•
Demographic
differences between youthful and aging societies
–
Old
societies need many low and high paid service workers to survive; young
societies need jobs
•
Environmental
deterioration and its impacts on agrarian livelihoods
•
Cheaper,
more widespread air transport
–
More
channels to send remittances
Quasi-migration
•
Guest workers: individuals who migrate, often legally, to
“temporarily” to take up jobs in other countries
–
Most
common today in oil-rich Persian Gulf, where they are the majority
–
Jobs
often given on a limited time contract by a sponsor, not allowed to change jobs
before contract is up
–
Employers
often hold passports, even if illegal
–
Being
floated in U.S. to help protect worker rights by giving those who want to work
official recognition without permanent residence
More Definitions
(Yeah!)
•
Remittances: money sent home by immigrants to support
their family members left behind; a principal source of foreign exchange for
many countries
•
Diaspora: the spatial dispersion of an ethnic group
•
Chain Migration: When people migrate to where other members of
their social network are already established
–
Most
migration works like this, easiest for getting permission, established
–
Why
ethnic communities are concentrated in a few places, and not dispersed in the
first generation
•
Circular Migration: Refers to the fact that many migrants
are temporary, plan to return home
The
Importance of Remittances
•
Less
than $2B in 1970 to $150B in 1995 to $300 billion in 2006
•
Developing
Countries, often one of largest income generators
–
India,
25 billion
–
Mexico,
24 billion
–
China,
21 billion
–
Philippines,
15 billion
–
Russia,
13 billion
–
Eritrea,
39%; Tajikistan, 37%; Laos, 34%; Kyrgyzstan, 31%; Palestine 30%; Guyana, 30%;
Afghanistan, 29%; Lebanon 25%
•
Many
war torn countries depend on these
•
5
Countries Paying 80% of Remittances in 1995
–
Saudi
Arabia $16.6B
–
US
$12.2B
–
Germany
$5.3B
–
France
$3.1B
–
UK
$2.7 billion
•
Depending
on region up to 12% of money sent is taken by those doing exchange transmission
–
Debit
cards; prepaid cards have better fees, rates
D-Fine
–
Refugee: those who leave their home country because
of persecution or fear of persecution, or because of loss of habit due to war
or environmental change
–
Internally Displaced Person: Same as refugee, but
stays with country
–
Asylees: Same as refugee, but
have been granted official status (assylum) by their
host government
Refugees
•
20.8 mil. Refugees,
asylum seekers, and Internally Displaced Persons in 2005.
–
Columbia:
3.5 million (mostly internally displaced)
–
Iraq:
3.5 million displaced, refugees in Jordan, Syria, Iran
–
Afghanistan:
2,7 million; Sudan, DR Congo, Uganda (all around 2
million)
•
Palestinians,
if counted, largest at 4 million
–
Receivers:
Pakistan: over 2 million refugees. Syria and Iran: over 1 million refugees
each; Jordan is just under 1 million
•
These
are not rich countries
•
Gets
Iraq and Afghanistan
–
United
States, Canada, France, Austria major recipients of non-bordering refugees
–
Sweden
also takes in a large share relative to its population
South
Asian Diaspora
•
Includes
all South Asian countries
–
Largest
group is 5 to 6M people known as NRI’s (Non-Reseident
Indians)
•
Origins
with abolition of slavery in the British Empire (1833) and need for inexpensive
labor
•
Mid
19th century—thousands left India for work on plantations and other
industries (building railroads)
•
By
1920, there were:
–
over 1M in Burma;
600,000 in Malay; 300,000 in the Caribbean; 200,000 in South Africa; 100,000 in
East Africa; 20,000 in Britain; 5000 in North America
South
Asian Diaspora
•
‘Brain
drain’ over the last few decades
–
1960s:
Physicians and scientists to Britain
–
Accelerated
as South Asian university students stayed on in Britain and North America for
better-paying jobs
–
Living
abroad gained popularity with middle class Indians due media stories of
successful Indian immigrants
•
For
example, Indian families originally from Gujarat own over 50% of franchises of
Days Inn, Econolodge, Comfort Inn, and Super Eight in
the United States
–
1990s:
Computer scientists and software engineers left India for US and Europe
•
(Ex.
Microsoft Redmond campus—2000 of 15,000 are South
Asian)
•
This
is reversing with growth of Bangalore, etc.
–
Now
the wealthiest ethnic group in the United States
South
Asian Diaspora
•
Cultural
contributions beginning to seep into global popular culture
–
Bollywood
films finally getting an audience outside Indian community
•
Summer
of 2002 called Britain’s “Indian Summer”
•
Very
popular in East Africa, Southeast Asia
–
South Asian food, fashion becoming popular in
U.S.
•
Food
long popular in Britain, dominated by Bangladeshis
•
South
Asian migrant culture also said to be a “hybrid” culture, where migrants blend
into culture generally while still keeping in contact with home culture
–
Satellite
Channels, Temples, Weddings, Student Associations all institutions used to maintain national
feeling
Cultures
not sold in Yogurt
Keep in
Mind
•
Nedvereen Pieterse
“What globalization means in structural terms… is the increase in the
available modes of organization; transnational, international,
macro-regional, municipal, local… crisscrossed by functional networks of
corporations, international organizations, and NGO’s”
–
This
is important because it shows cultural dominance is not simply “U.S. crushes
globe.”
Culture
and Trade
•
Within
trade agreements, there is often an exemption for cultural products
–
For
example, GATT, Uruguay Round, kept free trade from being applied to cultural
products
•
MPAA
worked with state department (called “little state department) to remove
restrictions for American films
–
Promoting
“American Consumption” through media seen as a powerful foreign policy tool
•
Post-WWII,
as prelude to EEC, began to get co-production agreements for films within
Europe, as well as France’s protectionist Blum-Byrnes agreement
–
Art
house success defines European cinema more than mass market success
Canada:
More than Maple Syrup?
•
Because
Canada is a small market, speaking the same language as a much larger neighbor,
if left to its own devices, Canada would have very little local media
production
•
This
is called “market failure”
–
CBC
was formed during era of radio to make sure there would be news from a Canadian
prospective
–
In
the 1960’s, public agitated for, and received government aid for film
production and publishing
•
Not
just the national governments, but provincial governments in Quebec, Ontario,
etc.
–
There
are also broadcast quotas, which means a certain % of material aired must be
Canadian in origin
Oh… Canada (cont.)
–
Maintaining
“cultural sovereignty” is sometimes seen as a national security issue
–
In
NAFTA, Canada was given a “cultural exception” – only it allowed US to
retaliate in other non-cultural areas
•
Worried
this was prioritizing culture over other sectors
•
Special
rates for Canadian magazines got eliminated, but because of production quotas,
Canada has become the third largest exporter of TV behind U.S. and Britain
–
This
means most subsidies go to things that can be consumed internationally, as
opposed to performing arts, which must be consumed locally