Cultural/historical moment in which an author lives. 

= New Historicism, Marxist, Postcolonial, and other forms of ideological or contextual criticism, including gender studies.  Goal is to see how the text reflects, negotiates, or critiques ideologies and material conditions of its time period (often, the "author" disappears, becoming a fold in the web of historical/ideological forces).  The basic question is how a text asserts meaning into or has agency in the world and how the world gets “into” the text.  Non-literary texts may become just as important as literary, canonical ones.  Old fashioned criticism would be influence studies or intellectual history.

The author her or himself.

= Biographical or psychoanalytical criticism. The text, in essence, is symptomatic of pathology.  Can be subordinated to above if one believes subjectivity is an effect of ideological constellations.

Other texts.

= Influence studies, again.  But also deconstruction, in which the unitary isolation of the text collapses in an endless slippage with other texts and rhetorics.

The text itself.

= New Criticism: how the text means divorced (more or less) from historical or biographical context (what the author intends is irrelevant).  This became the privileged form of criticism in the 60s because, finally, literary studies no longer seemed fused with history, or philosophy, or ethics, or biography/psychology.  Literary studies became a scientific approach to the text at hand.  Also known as formalism. Two somewhat related developments are structuralism and narratology, which could fit into the category above of "Other texts."

The author's general audience then.

= Reception theory, which assumes that the text is 'completed' or decoded by audience expectations. 

The author's general audience now.

= Political criticism, Jungian and other efforts to make meaning transhistorical (if class strife is the constant thru history, texts about class strife still relevant)

Certain types of theory, such as feminism, fit into all of the above.